Guide to Recognising and Treating Waterborne Illnesses

Waterborne illnesses can cause a range of symptoms, varying from mild to severe. Symptoms typically appear within hours or days of consuming contaminated water. Recognising these early warning signs can help ensure timely treatment and prevent complications.

• Diarrhoea, which may be watery or bloody
• Nausea and vomiting
• Stomach cramps and pain
• Fever and chills
• Fatigue and dehydration

If multiple people in a household or community experience similar symptoms after consuming the same water source, it is important to investigate and take precautions immediately.

Contaminated water is not always visibly dirty. It can look clean but still contain harmful microorganisms or chemicals. Some common indicators that your water may be unsafe include:

• A change in taste, odour, or colour
• Cloudy appearance or visible particles
• Reports of waterborne outbreaks in your area
• Recent flooding, sewage spills, or industrial waste leaks nearby

If you suspect contamination, it is important to avoid drinking or using the water until it has been tested and deemed safe.

Contaminated water can carry a variety of pathogens that cause illness. Some of the most common waterborne diseases include:

1. Cholera

• Cause: Bacteria (Vibrio cholerae)
• Symptoms: Severe diarrhoea, dehydration, vomiting, muscle cramps
• Risk: Can lead to fatal dehydration if untreated
  
  

2. Giardiasis

• Cause: Parasite (Giardia lamblia)
• Symptoms: Diarrhoea, bloating, nausea, fatigue
• Risk: Can persist for weeks if untreated
  
  

3. Hepatitis A

• Cause: Virus (Hepatitis A virus)
• Symptoms: Jaundice, fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain
• Risk: Can cause liver inflammation, though most people recover fully
  
  

4. Cryptosporidiosis

• Cause: Parasite (Cryptosporidium)
• Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, stomach cramps, nausea, fever
• Risk: More severe in people with weakened immune systems
  
  

5. E. coli Infection

• Cause: Bacteria (Escherichia coli, certain strains)
• Symptoms: Diarrhoea (sometimes bloody), abdominal cramps, vomiting
• Risk: Can lead to kidney failure in severe cases

While some cases of waterborne illness resolve on their own, certain symptoms require immediate medical attention. If dehydration becomes severe or symptoms persist for more than a few days, it is crucial to seek professional care. Vulnerable groups, such as young children, elderly individuals, and those with weakened immune systems, should be especially cautious.

Seek medical help if you experience:

• Persistent diarrhoea lasting more than three days
• High fever or blood in the stool
• Severe dehydration (dizziness, dry mouth, reduced urination)
• Symptoms in at-risk individuals, such as young children or pregnant women

Treatment depends on the cause of the illness. In most cases, staying hydrated and resting can help the body recover. However, for bacterial infections, a doctor may prescribe antibiotics. In cases of severe dehydration, intravenous fluids may be necessary. Understanding appropriate treatment options ensures a quicker recovery and prevents complications.

1. Rehydration is Key
Dehydration is the most serious risk of waterborne illnesses. Treatment includes:

• Oral Rehydration Solutions (ORS): A mixture of clean water, salt, and sugar to restore electrolytes
• Hydration Drinks: Coconut water or sports drinks can help replenish lost fluids
• IV Fluids: In severe cases, medical professionals may administer fluids intravenously
  

2. Medications and Supportive Care

• Antibiotics: Prescribed for bacterial infections like cholera and some cases of E. coli
• Anti-parasitic Medication: Used for giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis
• Rest and a Bland Diet: Eating light foods (rice, toast, bananas) to ease digestion

3. Home Remedies for Mild Cases

• Ginger or peppermint tea: May help with nausea and stomach cramps
• Probiotics: Can aid in restoring gut health after an infection